教你如何在雅思閱讀中利用邏輯關(guān)系詞學(xué)習(xí)

雅思閱讀題型多變，考點(diǎn)在文中飄忽不定。但是作為國際化的學(xué)術(shù)英語考試，自然有其嚴(yán)肅穩(wěn)定的考查目的和內(nèi)容，始終會(huì)把對(duì)英語篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和行文規(guī)律的理解作為閱讀的一項(xiàng)基本要求重點(diǎn)考查。因此加強(qiáng)這方面的學(xué)習(xí)研究是從根本上提高應(yīng)試能力的途徑。下面僅從英語行文結(jié)構(gòu)中邏輯關(guān)系詞的作用及其閱讀功能這一具體方面作初步探討。

關(guān)于邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的作用，我們首先來看一段文字：

the discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse … the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part. (Christine Nuttall, 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, Heinemann)

關(guān)于“discourse marker”，P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 一書中是這樣描述的：Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an individual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. “discourse marker”雖然范圍更加廣泛一些，但從以上文字不難看出，它包括了我們所熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系詞(即文章中用于表示并列，轉(zhuǎn)折，舉例，因果，遞進(jìn)，讓步，總結(jié)等邏輯關(guān)系的固定單詞或詞組)。也由此可見，特別重視形式邏輯和思維分析的英語行文，在詞語之間和句子之間往往會(huì)借助各種邏輯關(guān)系詞清楚表達(dá)思維邏輯和語意關(guān)系。因此了解和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞可以幫助我們把握文章中語意的轉(zhuǎn)換和發(fā)展，理解文章重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的意思。   

具體到雅思閱讀，邏輯關(guān)系詞在解題中體現(xiàn)出兩大功能 ：

一、語意推斷

語意推斷主要是運(yùn)用于重點(diǎn)題型之一的摘要題(Summary)。具體是指根據(jù)空格所在句及前后句的邏輯關(guān)系詞，分析詞語之間，句子之間的語意關(guān)系，推斷出所缺單詞的大致含義。

例如：

1.劍4 / P77 / Q38

Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.

根據(jù)while這個(gè)表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以判斷它前后部分是對(duì)比或反義關(guān)系。“a wide range of language”指的是語言研究的廣泛的各個(gè)方面，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是指具體的方面。

2.劍1 / P20 / Q4-5

The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.

根據(jù)介詞“by”和“for example”這個(gè)表示舉例的邏輯關(guān)系詞，可以預(yù)判第二個(gè)空格應(yīng)是和“creation of friction”(產(chǎn)生摩擦)的具體動(dòng)作有關(guān)的詞。

3.劍1 / P20 / Q6

The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe …

根據(jù)表示并列的邏輯關(guān)系詞or，可以判斷它前后部分是并列關(guān)系。Chipping是“削，鑿”的意思，可以預(yù)判空格處應(yīng)是類似意思的詞。 

二、定位

根據(jù)對(duì)歷年真題的總結(jié)分析，雅思閱讀考試的一個(gè)重要規(guī)律是：題干中的句子之間，詞語之間的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中一般不變(但表現(xiàn)方式可能會(huì)變)。這一規(guī)律使得邏輯關(guān)系詞可以有效地協(xié)助題干關(guān)鍵詞在原文中定位答案信息源。尤其在摘要題(Summary)中這一方法使用頻率很高。

例如：

1.劍5 / P50 / Q30-31

題干：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.

原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world … (Para.7)

題干中出現(xiàn)的neither…nor…是連接兩個(gè)否定概念的并列邏輯關(guān)系詞。原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)了完全相同的邏輯關(guān)系，即first, it lacked …, second it lacked …(表現(xiàn)方式有所變化)。我們可根據(jù)這種對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯關(guān)系在原文中快速定位答案信息源。

2.劍5 / P50 / Q33-34

題干：Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.

原文：In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. … However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.

題干中出現(xiàn)的兩種邏輯關(guān)系均在原文中對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)。一是表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的although, 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的however;二是表示因果關(guān)系的as a direct result of 對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中表因果的邏輯關(guān)系詞as。很顯然，這對(duì)于題干信息的定位意義重大。

3.劍5 / P70 / Q25-26

題干：To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.

原文：In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.

題干中出現(xiàn)了表示遞進(jìn)的邏輯關(guān)系詞in the short term … in the longer term …�？焖俨樽x原文，可定位于文中相同的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)in the immediate future … in the long term …。  

另外，對(duì)雅思真題文章進(jìn)行精讀訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了以上兩大功能之外，邏輯關(guān)系詞在原文中的位置還常常是命題考點(diǎn)最集中的地方。因此學(xué)習(xí)和掌握邏輯關(guān)系詞在閱讀中的功能和作用，將對(duì)提高答題的速度起關(guān)鍵性的作用。同時(shí)，能夠熟練運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系詞對(duì)于寫出條理清楚，層次分明的雅思作文也大有幫助。

附：雅思考試中常見的邏輯關(guān)系詞

1.表示并列關(guān)系

likewise once again/once more in (much) the same way (manner) similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only … but also … both … and … neither … nor … like/just like as/just as equally namely or and

2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast (to) conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though on the one hand …, on the other hand … instead (of) not as … as … rather than even so vary different from differ from while

3.表示舉例

for example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.

in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically

4.表示因果關(guān)系

as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of

since due to …, for as this is why

5.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

and then as well as again another also/too in addition (to) additionally additional besides (that) moreover furthermore not only … but also … what’s more

6.表示讓步關(guān)系

though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly

7. 表示總結(jié)

in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary   

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【專業(yè)資歷】
擅長課程：雅思寫作、雅思閱讀、雅思聽力、托福閱讀、托福寫作武漢大學(xué)研究生，曾赴美國匹茲堡任教一年，回國后先后在國內(nèi)知名培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)任教。喜愛鉆研，擅長總結(jié)研發(fā)使學(xué)生更易吸收的教學(xué)方法。堅(jiān)信不僅要教給學(xué)生正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法以及豐富的知識(shí)，同時(shí)還要用自己積極向上的人生態(tài)度去感染學(xué)生，改變學(xué)生。
【成功案例】
(1)朱同學(xué)，雅思7分。朱同學(xué)剛來新通的時(shí)候，成績是5.5分。經(jīng)過一個(gè)多月的學(xué)習(xí)，迅速突破到了7分。聽力部分更是拿到了8分的好成績。(2)李同學(xué)，托福閱讀28分。學(xué)生最初閱讀一直在15分左右徘徊，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生并不是做題有問題。而是對(duì)閱讀文章的整體框架感知不夠，不能抓住段落的中心大意。另外，學(xué)生的長難句理解還只停留在表面的字對(duì)字翻譯。經(jīng)過強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生最終學(xué)習(xí)到了正確的方法，獲得了28分的高分成績。(3)林同學(xué)，托福寫作28分。學(xué)生的寫作成績一直在22分左右，無法突破。但在找到學(xué)生的寫作問題之后，經(jīng)過邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)訓(xùn)練以及詞匯替換訓(xùn)練，最終學(xué)生獲得了寫作28分的好成績。(4)葛同學(xué)，雅思寫作6分。葛同學(xué)最初寫作成績是4.5分，在一個(gè)月內(nèi)，學(xué)生最終寫作成績提到了6分。收到學(xué)生的感謝信，感謝我教給了她一種全新的寫作思維方式和學(xué)習(xí)方法。（5）代同學(xué)，雅思6分。代同學(xué)一直為雅思寫作而苦惱。高考英語成績也不錯(cuò)，但雅思寫作總是突破不了4.5分。最后在我的鼓勵(lì)和指導(dǎo)下，只經(jīng)過了短期訓(xùn)練就拿到了6分的成績。